Assignment 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Task 5 - Essay Example All the more by and large, we can see that culturally diverse experiences don't generally end well for everyone included. Before understanding what a culturally diverse experience can do, it is imperative to comprehend what one is. In the broadest significance, such an experience could be depicted as any in which two distinct societies meet. All the more explicitly, it is one in which thoughts that are diverse between societies are traded, with differing results. On account of Benin, one of the trades was â€Å"the revelation of Benin workmanship by Europeans†. (Mackie 16) This can be found in the last section of the entry from Bacon, which expresses that a portion of the things found in the houses were â€Å"castings of superb delicacy of detail, and some sublimely cut tusks†. Out of sight, we can see that the Benin were maybe at first satisfied by contact with the West. Probably, they cheerfully exchanged for the â€Å"glass strolling sticks, old outfits, silly umbrellas†, etc that Bacon depicts as being in the greater part of the distribution centers. Be that as it may, the trade clearly went poorly for the Benin. In the setting Mackie gives us, we realize that Bacon is an intruder attempting to bring Benin â€Å"firmly under British control†. (Mackie 17) Although it isn't unequivocally referenced in the section, some feeling of this chilling purpose for the diverse experience can be found in the manner Bacon portrays the Benin individuals. Bacon was to a great extent neutral with what he found, thus the social trade which could have occurred was restricted by the Europeans existing preferences about the Benin individuals. The manner in which the section depicts the Benin as â€Å"natives† who were deceived by â€Å"the normal modest finery† fortifies that the Europeans just needed to control this distinctive culture for their own closures. The way that the section portrays the Benin in extremely negative tones somewhere else, for example, clarifying the â€Å"ruined and uninhabited houses† as being

Tex Richard Essays - Jack Dempsey, Tex Rickard, Rickard, Joe Gans

Tex Richard Tex Rickard: a mind-blowing account. The man who was known as Tex Rickard, was conceived on Jan 2, 1870 with the byname of George Lewis Rickard. He drove an existence of various occupations, I surmise you could state he was a handyman. His life, or the piece of it that managed the gold rush, was what I would state as, fleeting. Subsequent to bringing dairy cattle up in Texas, and controlling a little town as the town marshal he chose to proceed onward to something else. He moved to a little city in Nevada called Goldfield. Goldfield was a blast town, which happened with the assistance of gold, and the reality the Rickard set up a gambling club. Presently Tex didn't bring in his cash by digging for gold in California or in Nevada, yet rather he was an expert player, and battle advertiser. It is his last calling that he chose to stay with, and without a doubt, he was generally prosperous in this last employment. As a battle advertiser his life was dynamic. To plug the network he chose to advance the world lightweight title battle between Joe Gans and Oscar Nelson. The battle was a long one, in addition to the fact that it was all the more then the typical 12 rounds, however it was almost multiple times the ordinary, being 42 adjusts long. This would be the beginning of something significant for Rickard. In 1920 he dealt with Madison Square Garden, and in his new field he would arrange the initial million dollar battle, this would be the first of 5,000,000 dollar swarms. Rickards accomplishments didn't simply come to him by karma. He made boxing a game for all races and both the genders. He engaged the bigotry in individuals by representing a dark against a white. He likewise excited the loyalists in the nation by battling a draft dodger and a war legend, alongside this he set an American against an outsider. He was the primary advertiser to comprehend the individuals, and who had the option to control huge groups. All things considered, he was a warrior, player, digger (in the Yukon), and an advertiser, and was prosperous taking all things together. He assisted with changing the essence of the west by controlling where the individuals went, and helped California to develop, making him a significant man throughout the entire existence of California and the United States.

Classes Junior Spring Edition

Classes Junior Spring Edition It is another fascinating semester here at the Institute, and I would like to share it with you. Id also like to connect my experience to MIT academics in general. In the descriptions of 6.00 and 17.803, I talk about MIT problem sets. The 17.803 section also discusses why MIT right now is the best place to study social science. 24.03 and 24.191 illustrate how classes can be directly applicable to important current issues. WGS.151 and WGS.229 show that MITs Womens and Gender Studies courses can be about rigorous clinical research, unlike anything you’d imagine WGS to be. General summary: I am taking 6 classes for a total of 69 units of credit (courses are usually 12 units, but the poli sci lab is 15, and 24.191 is 6). Note that 6 = Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 17 = Political Science, 24 = Philosophy and Linguistics, and WGS = Womens and Gender Studies (but the latter will also be counted towards my Political Science and Philosophy majors). 6.00 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SCIENCE AND PROGRAMMING Topics: 6.00 is known as an introduction to Python, but the professors are adamant about not making that the purpose of the course. 6.00 teaches you to think like a computer scientist. Here is a sampling of topics from first quarter to demonstrate what that entails: data structures, iteration and recursion as computational metaphors, abstraction of procedures and data types, organizing and modularizing systems using object classes and methods, different classes and complexity of algorithms, searching and sorting. Class Info: 6.00 is huge. It fills the largest lecture hall on campus, 26-100, with a capacity of 566. But it isn’t even the largest Course 6 class: some fill 26-100 and have to be live-streamed in additional rooms! Also, some of you may be familiar with this class by a different number. 6.00 is the sum of 6.0001 (Introduction to Computer Science Programming in Python, first quarter of 6.00) and 6.0002 (Introduction to Computational Thinking and Data Science, second quarter). Workload: 6.00 requires a lot of effort. In general, problem sets take me 8+ hours, with a max  of ~20. The lengths of psets demonstrate the Lecture-Pset Divergence phenomenon, which is common at MIT: 6.00 lectures introduce basic concepts (e.g. what a function looks like”) and the psets require the students to, say, program a whole game of Scrabble right after that. While I may complain about  the hours, I recognize that the problem sets contribute greatly to my learning. And, the most recent pset was about  space cowsâ€"how cool is that? Weve also had to program hangman and Scrabble. Making a working computer game on the 3rd week of class was quite empowering! 17.803 POLITICAL SCIENCE LABORATORY Class Info and Benefits: 17.803, a required class for Political Science majors, truly prepares you for future research. It is also a class best taken at MIT, as the Institute is on the forefront of quantitative social science research. Because of this, 17.803 not only teaches the classical Regression method, but also four others. This isn’t common, as the four methods have only become popular in the past ten years or so (the downside of new methods: much of the older social science research is now considered kind of wrong). Workload: 17.803 is a class about political science research design, statistics, and  R, the computer language of social scientists. It is not a humanities course, but rather a social science statistical lab. The past problems sets for the class have been about re-creating other political scientists’ work: justifying their assumptions, pointing out potential issues, and using their data to reconstruct figures and tables from the papers. I couldn’t think of a better way to practice the new material. And, at the end of the semester, we get to write our own research papers! I am currently working on mine, analyzing large data sets like the U.S. Census. Topics: 17.803 has made me appreciate my major (Political Science) even more by highlighting the complexities of causal inference (which are unfortunately ignored in media discussions of scientific studies). We have also read some fascinating papers, many by MIT political scientists, that answer questions like: Do UN interventions cause peace? (only post-civil-conflict interventions, more here) Does grassroots participation in corruption monitoring reduce corruption? (not really, as seen in Indonesia, more here) Do charter schools improve students’ test scores? (the Massachusetts urban charter school do, but the non-urban charter schools actually reduce achievement from the baseline, more here) Can foreign media reduce peoples support for totalitarian regimes? (for East German residents, West German TV actually increased support for the regime, more here) 24.03 GOOD FOOD: THE ETHICS AND POLITICS OF FOOD   Topics: Here’s a sampling of class topics from the syllabus: “In considering our food choices, we will discuss several specific moral issues: What sorts of moral obligations, if any, do we have toward non-human animals? How are our personal choices, e.g., about what to eat, related to global justice? What is the state’s responsibility to provide reliable information to consumers? Are we each individually morally required to take action to reduce global warming?” If these questions sound interesting, 24.03 is the class is for you! It will change how you approach ethical dilemmas. Bonus links to two of the earlier readings for the class: Famine, Affluence, and Morality by Peter Singer and Consider the Lobster by David Foster Wallace. Class Info and Workload: The lectures are wonderful, taught by my role model Professor Sally Haslanger (in fact, I took the class because she was teaching it). The discussions are also great. The readings are in philosophy, but mostly political philosophy, so the class doesn’t get too abstract and is directly applicable to real life. Also, the readings are neither difficult nor partcularly time consumingâ€"24.03 is an introductory Philosophy course. Fair warning: the essays are great for practicing making philosophical arguments, but they do get abstract. Note to future freshmen: 24.03 is designated as communication intensive (CI-H), but is one of the larger CI-H classes, so, if you still need CI-H credit, you should definitely consider taking 24.03 in the spring. It doesnt fill up as fast as the smaller CI-H courses. 24.191 BEING, THINKING, DOING (OR NOT): ETHICS IN YOUR LIFE Class Info and (sort of) Workload: I call 24.191 the “dinner seminar.” As 6-unit elective graded on Pass/D/Fail, It doesn’t contribute much to my academic record. Still, I am taking it for the second time. The basic structure of 24.191 is: come to class every Tuesday evening, eat fancy dinner, and listen to a cool speaker. The only assignments are: go to three events and write 300-word reflections about them. The events could be anything from a lecture by Noam Chomsky to an arts exhibitionâ€"the class actually encourages you to have cultured fun (and proves that not every MIT class is a challenge)! Topics and Benefits: Why even take 24.191? Well, beyond the free food and the fun requirements, it provides an overview of essential current topics. We get  some pretty remarkable speakers every week, like: Sally Haslanger: Ethics Boot camp (as noted earlier, Sally is an amazing person and a prominent professor; despite this, she communicates with students on a first-name basis) Seth Mnookin: The Responsibility of the Media (Seth is the head of the Science Writing program at MIT, one of about 4 Science Writing programs in the country; he has published pieces in outlets like Wired, The New York Times, and The Washington Post, and won the American Medical Writers Association Award for Excellence in Medical Writing for this piece in The New Yorker, which is my favorite ever example of longform journalism) Chris Robichaud, Harvard Kennedy School: Post-Truth Politics (Chris had a popular MOOC about truth and bullshit, the latter of which he considers an appropriate and important scientific term; he is also first recipient of the Innovations in Teaching Award at the Harvard Kennedy School) Myisha Cherry, Harvard University Dept of Philosophy: Political Anger (Myisha is the creator of the UnMute Podcast about using philosophy to address real-world issues; she has written for The Huffington Post, Enterpreneur.com, and  Salon.com; she is also a former music reviewer  and has appeared on BET). Juergen Scheffran,  Hamburg University, Germany: Military Research and Nuclear Disarmament (Professor Scheffran is the head of the Research Group on Climate Change and Security at the Cluster of Excellence CliSAP, Universität Hamburg) WGS.151 GENDER, HEALTH, AND SOCIETY WGS.151 is perfect for pre-med students interested in epidemiological research, or medical research in general. Although the first word in the course title is gender, the class is focused more on how to do epidemiological research overall, with gender as a theme. We read and discuss papers on topics like cardiovascular disease and hormone therapy, pregnancy and birth, gender identity and expression, and abortion. We then learn how to conduct similarly good epidemiological studies. The final project for the class is a proposal for your own  original study. Another awesome point about the class: the professor is also an instructor at Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital. After all that, she comes to teach at MIT 7-10pm every Monday! After taking WGS.151, I highly recommend everyone to check out WGS courses, especially if you are pre-med. WGS.151 (and WGS.229, which is discussed next) have piqued my interest in the medical field, and I plan to explore it more through summer UROPs. MIT proves WGS classes do not have to be abstract and useless; they can be based on good quantitative research with important implications for, say, public healthâ€"this is a technical school, after all. WGS.229 RACE, CULTURE, AND GENDER IN THE US AND BEYOND: A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE The instructor for this class is amazing (as are all my instructors, really). She works at the VA (Veterans’ Administration) during the day and then travels 1+ hours to MIT for a 7-10pm class (half of my classes this semester are in the evening, which means that most people I schedule day meetings with probably think I’m a slacker). The class itself is amazing too. Like 24.03 and 24.191, it helps you rethink life. However, unlike the philosophy courses, it backs its life lessons with rigorous clinical research on human development and interactions. In WGS.229, you will learn how to communicate with anyone about complex topics like race, culture, gender, and politics in general. You will learn to interpret your own identity and development. And you will learn to understand people and organizations better. Bonus: you will also start your path towards becoming a psychologist or other healthcare professional. All of these are soft skills that, as research shows, are more likely to lead to promotion than technical skills. Thus, even if you aren’t passionate about issues of race and gender, or about the field of psychology, this class is worth taking in order to thrive in an increasingly multicultural workplace. I have been changed by WGS.229â€"not many classes can do that for a student! Another bonus: for our first WGS.229 essay, we had to take and analyze several Implicit Association Tests (IATs), which you can also take and read about  here.   BONUS Other bloggers have written about their classes this year as well! Check out the linked posts by Joonho K. 20 (on freshman spring), Anelise N. 19 (on costume design class), Fiona M. 20 (on glassblowing class), Erick P. 17 (42!), Anelise N. 19 (on studying Spanish in Madrid), Alexa J. 20 (on freshman IAP and spring), Ben O. 19 (on studying Chinese), Abby H. 20 (on studying history in Greece), Joonho K. 20 (on IAP), Allan K. 17 (on senior fall), Krystal L. 17 (also on senior fall), Joonho K. 20 (on freshman fall, yay PNR!), Phoebe C. 18 (on junior fall), and  Allan K. 17 (notes from senior fall). Links arranged chronologically. Post Tagged #6.00 #6.0001 #6.0002

What Successful Economies Do Is Keep It For A Minimum

‘Corruption, embezzlement, fraud, these are all characteristics which exist everywhere. It is regrettably the way human nature functions, whether we like it or not. What successful economies do is keep it to a minimum. No one has ever eliminated any of that stuff.’ Alan Greenspan, Federal Reserve Chairman (1987-2006) (Batra, R, 2005) Introduction In 300 B.C, a Greek sea merchant named Hegestratos engineered one of the earliest recorded cases of fraud when he ‘took out an insurance on a boat for a large sum’. At the moment when Hegestratos took this antique insurance policy, also know as bottomry, he already had the intention of sinking his own boat halfway through his next trip. His goal was to collect the insurance money. He†¦show more content†¦The buyers are exposed to many risks. Indeed, the finance sector is highly dependent on information and how this information is shared in the market. The quality of a financial product is often identified a long time after the original transaction. Regulation is indispensable in order to protect the consumers from misinformation or fraud. There are many different agents operating in a same market, such as institutions or individuals, with very different levels of expertise. One of the roles of financial regulators is to ensure that the most vulnerable are not be ing wronged. That is why the regulatory system is carrying out tasks to prohibit the sale of certain financial products and specifying where they can be sold. (Goodhart, C, 2013) The reality of systemic risk made the task of regulating the financial system increasingly complicated, as the crises aren’t contained in one country or market. The extreme inter-dependence between the different agents is the main reason why we need regulation today, as some misconducts can cause a domino effect, affecting markets globally. The structure of the banking system in itself explains this process. In the finance industry, banks borrow money from other banks. If one bank fails, the one who lent the funds in the first place might also follow the same path, creating panic in the markets. The government’s first prerogative is to protect its citizens from these

Neural Technology Brain Computer Interface - 934 Words

Neural technology is a field of engineering that specializes in taking information that is present in the brain and translating it to a medium that can be understood by a wide range of people. One of the ways this is done is with systems that take information directly from the brain and enable control over a computerized system. These are referred to as brain computer interfaces, also known as BCIs. Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology decodes neural signals in real time to control external devices (Rouse). With many varying potential applications, it is possible to see BCIs applied to many aspects of everyday life. This could include- but is not limited to- limb replacement, advanced computer systems, and brain monitoring. For each of the different uses a brain-to-computer interface has there is a different system developed. One of the forms of Brain-Computer Interfaces is a neural interface. â€Å"Neural interface (NI) systems offer a novel approach to restore lost function and to diagnose or manage nervous system disorders† (Donoghue). They can either be directly in contact with the brain tissue or located in remote areas (Donoghue). â€Å"We have previously shown that people with long-standing tetraplegia can use a neural interface system to move and click a computer cursor and to control physical devices† (Hochberg). Many engineers and scientists in the field of neural technology and using these interface systems to allow people, people who have lost the ability to moveShow MoreRelatedBrain-Computer Interfaces1221 Words   |  5 Pages Until recently, our relationship with technology has been limited to physical and direct command. To get a device to take action, you mu st touch it, or speak to it. All of this could change with this new technology called, brain-computer interfaces. This amazing technology will not only revamp military applications, but most importantly help the medical community substantially. It brings the possibility of sound to the deaf, sight to the blind and movement to the physically challengedRead MoreNeural Prosthetics And Its Effects1741 Words   |  7 Pagesto regain some of what we had lost or have never hard, through neural prosthetics. In this essay, I will be dissecting and explaining what exactly neural prosthetics are while delving into its past, its current present applications while making comparisons to other similar technologies, and its future and potential uses. With only a very recent history, neural prosthetics is quickly becoming more and more relevant by the year. Neural prosthetics are already helping thousands of people, from peopleRead MoreThe Future Of Neuroscience : From Sci Fi1559 Words   |  7 Pageskick while wearing a robotic exoskeleton controlled by his brain. The high-tech demonstration was orchestrated by Duke University neuroscientist Miguel Nicolelis, as part of the Walk Again Project [2], to develop and implement a brain-machine interface to allow severely paralyzed patients to regain mobility. The sight of such futuristic technology straight out of the Iron Man movie becoming a reality is simply exhilarating. The human brain has often been referred to as the final frontier of scienceRead MoreFrom Toys to Practicality: Brain Computer Interface Technology900 Words   |  4 PagesPracticality: Brain Computer Interface Technology The idea of Brain Computer Interface (BCI) technology is the subject of high interest for many people and families of the person experiencing considerable physical impairments, such as those with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). This knowledge is recognized by several monitors, such as BCI, Brain-Machine Interface (BMI), neuro-brain transmission and Direct Brain Interface (DBI). Conventional computer input and assistive technology devices dependRead MoreBrain Computer Interface2272 Words   |  10 Pages1. Introduction: Modifying the human body or enhancing our cognitive abilities using technology has been a long-time dream for many people. An increasing amount of research tries to link the human brain with machines allowing humans to control their environment through their thoughts. Research on BCIs began in the 1970s, but it wasnt until the mid-1990s that the first working experimental implants in humans appeared. Following years of animal experimentation, early working implants in humans nowRead MoreThe Lateral Sclerosis ( Als ) Is A Neurodegenerative Disease That Causes Loss Of Motor Neurons And Progressive Weakness1476 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefit greatly from the use of a brain computer interface (BCI)(Birbaumer, 2006; Coyle, Ward, Markham, McDarby, 2004). BCI can help individuals communicate without relying on muscular control, which is critical for clinical populations of neuromuscular disease patients, such ALS (Wolpaw, 2002). The use of BCI can enable communication and increase quality of life but to date the effects of mental fatigue have been ignored. However, the current state of BCI technology and overall usability is not advancedRead MoreModern Robotic Arms1416 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Mind-melding as between the machines and animal is not something never heard of. The researchers have tried to attempt it since as early as the beginning of 1970s. Some studies in the past within interfaces of brain-machine have enabled the monkeys to gain control of the robotic arms as well as the people who were paralyzed to control the cursors over the screen. Even then the researchers could not know it at all if the humans would be able to control the robotic arms for performingRead MoreBBCI Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesHigh Data Rate Wireless Communications for Brain-Computer Interfaces Overview: To achieve full success in experiments on brain plasticity, bi-directional brain computer interfaces (BBCIs) must deliver activity-dependent stimulation for extended periods of time in unconstrained environments [1]. BBCIs are neuroprosthetics used for fundamental research in neurophysiology and neural rehabilitation. The ability to stimulate the brain in response to single neuron action potentials have allowed for high-fidelityRead More Neural Interfacing Essay1123 Words   |  5 PagesNeural Interfacing In the motion picture â€Å"RoboCop† scientists during a future time implanted a human head into the body of a futuristic robot creating an almost unstoppable police officer. During 1987, when this movie was produced, the idea of man combining with machine was considered pure fantasy. However, advances in technology in the year 2000 and further studies in recent years have proven that this idea may, in time, become a reality. On October 13th 2003, sciencedaily.com in theirRead MoreA Paper Presentation on Brain Controlled Car for Disabled Using Artificial Intelligence1667 Words   |  7 PagesA Paper Presentation on BRAIN CONTROLLED CAR FOR DISABLED USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Submitted on the event of Zeitgeist’09 At UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

African Societies Transformed Free Essays

Walter Rodney explains how different tribes In Africa survived or were defeated. The Bilbao were one of the tribes most mentioned which lead me to believe that they were very well off. Rodney then went on to describe how they were able to survive. We will write a custom essay sample on African Societies Transformed or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will discuss why I believe they did survive so long and so well. First off, I do not agree with how the Bijou handled their survival. Raging war and capturing your own neighbors Is what the Balboa had to do though. Rodney describes the tribe as geared towards war and the men were great warriors (56). The Bijou would burn down a village and If the people fought on their way from the burning huts, the Bilbao men would cut them to pieces. The ones that did not fight would be taken captive for the Europeans. Sine the Bilbao tribe were such great warriors. They were very near able to avoid enslavement of their own people. Along with their talent of fighting, they were very easily manipulated by the Europeans. Because the Bilbao were so easily manipulated, the Europeans could get however many slaved they wanted or needed. Like I mentioned before, I do not agree with their way of survival but at the same time I can understand why they did what they did. Being under the thumb of the Europeans is better than being a slave. I do believe that that was their same logic as well. Considering their situation, I would Greer just this once, that I would have done what they did to at least have a 90% chance of survival. Rodney, Walter. African Societies Were Transformed by the Slave Trade. Oxford university Press: Copy Right 1970. African Societies Transformed By Jellyroll How The Bilbao Survived Walter Rodney explains how different tribes in Africa survived or were defeated. The First off, I do not agree with how the Bilbao handled their survival. Raging war and capturing your own neighbors is what the Bilbao had to do though. Rodney describes the tribe as geared towards war and the men were great warriors (56). The Bilbao would burn down a village and if the people fought on their way from the burning huts, the Bilbao men would cut them to pieces. The ones that did not fight would be taken captive for the Europeans. Sine the Bilbao tribe were such great warriors, they of fighting, they were very easily manipulated by the Europeans. Agree Just this once, that I would have done what they did to at least have a 90%. How to cite African Societies Transformed, Papers

What is popular culture and why is it such a big part of life in the UK Essay Example For Students

What is popular culture and why is it such a big part of life in the UK? Essay According to Strinati (2004), popular culture is produced by commercial industries for markets of consumers must be a major factor influencing this relationship. If this is so, it must play a crucial part in shaping any meanings and ideas contained in the popular culture produced and consumed. In the modern age, the popular culture has demonstrated diversification. Miller and McHoul (1998:3) point out that the popular is marked by hierarchies of artistic value, with European high art and the philosophical aesthetics of western ruling classes set against the entertainment that people purchase from the commercial world. We will write a custom essay on What is popular culture and why is it such a big part of life in the UK? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There is a tendency that popular culture as postmodern culture is going to be accepted by the commercial society. The films, the sports, the magazines, and almost popular forms are advertised by postmodernism. So much as people may experience the first time when they hear Ewis Cosetllo with the familiarity of background pop in the kitchen without any surprise. It is hard to say the tendency is determined by the commercial society, but it is really related with the development of the commercial society. Carey (1992:34) has shown the truths that the existing models of communication are less an analysis than a contribution to the chaos of modern culture. Modern media of communications widen the range of reception while narrowing the range of distribution (Carey, 1992:136). People should admit that the media development relies on the commercial development, while the media development is promoting the commercial information and cultural dissemination. It should be said that popular culture has become a big part of the peoples daily life. Conclusion: Popular culture is driven by economic interest obviously. The term Popular culture refers to sets of values, beliefs, trends or modes of symbolic expression readily available to and acknowledged by the masses McCluskey (2006). British popular culture along with the transformation of cultural elements is changing all the time. And the transformation indeed is by far a phenomenon decided by the economical condition at current trend. In the past, working class did the main role in popular culture. The forms were quite simple, just as different performance including singing, dancing, speaking. Because people barely read or write available to and acknowledged by the masses. McCluskey (2006) states that British popular culture is not restricted in audience to the working class majority, but can be seen to bind disparate cultural elements in Britain and challenge fading traditional class structures. Reference: Alan McCluskey (2006) British Culture Toby Miller and Alec McHoul(1998) Popular Culture and Everyday Life. London: SAGE Publications John Storey (2003) Inventing popular culture Blackwell publish Andrew Horrall (2001) popular culture in London c. 1890-1918: the transformation of entertainment Manchester university press Dominic Strinati (2004) An introduction to theories of popular culture Bodmin James W. Carey (1992) Communication as culture : essays on media and society Great Britain: Routledge

Light and Dark in Cnrads Hearte of Darkness and Secret Shar essays

Light and Dark in Cnrad's Hearte of Darkness and Secret Shar essays Joseph Conrad uses the words light and dark to show many different points throughout the novel Heart of Darkness and the novella The Secret Sharer. He uses the words in showing the differences in good and evil. He also uses these terms to contrast differences in civilization and the uncivilized, loneliness/isolation and happiness, and sanity to insanity. Conrad, no doubt, relates characters in his stories. In Heart of Darkness, Conrad uses Marlows personal confession, a profound discussion of mans moral complexity,(Concise Dictionary, p.69) to outline the story. He obviously relates the character of Marlow to himself, as he had experienced many bought with, dark, lung ailments as a child, and also had a want to explore. (p. 69) In Heart of Darkness, Conrad explores his memories of a journey through the Congo. His memories include his feelings of sympathy towards the natives of the Congo, as well as his hatred of the Imperialist. He uses the memories to add to the perceived, darkness, of the jungle to give a gloomy overall effect. Seemingly Conrad is fed up with mans ability to make other men suffer. Conrad even uses Marlow to show how England once was dark, uncivilized country. England is shown in its primitive stage of development. By the same token many people have compared Marlows journey into the Congo as a journey through Hell. (2 p.136-137) In Heart of Darkness Conrad uses the character of Kurtz to show supreme darkness. Kurtz embodies everything wrong about man, from greed, to power, to reality. Some have compared Kurtz to Satan himself, or Satans incarnate. Some interpret the use Kurtzs way of leading people away from the light, or sanity, to argue their point while others regard Kurtz as a great leader/businessman who did whatever it took to get the job done. The most profound usage of darkness in Heart of Darkness is the death of Kurtz. When M...

Metal Jewelry Stamps Marks

Metal Jewelry Stamps Marks Jewelry made from precious metals often is stamped with a mark to indicate the chemical composition of the metal. A quality mark contains  information about metal content that appears on an article. It is usually stamped or inscribed on the piece. There is considerable confusion about the meaning of quality marks that are seen on jewelry and other items. Here is some information that will de-mystify terms such as plated, filled, sterling, and others.​ Gold Quality Marks karat, carat, Karat, Carat, Kt., Ct., K, C Gold is measured in karats, with 24 karats being 24/24ths gold or pure gold. A 10 karat gold item contains 10/24ths gold, a 12K item is 12/24ths gold, etc. Karats may be expressed using a decimal figure, such as .416 fine gold (10K). The minimum allowable quality for karat gold is 9 karats. Karats are not to be confused with carats (ct.), which are a unit of gemstone mass. One carat weighs 0.2 gram (1/5 of a gram or 0.0007 ounce). A hundredth of a carat is called a point. Gold Filled and Rolled Gold Plate gold filled, G.F., doublà © dor, rolled gold plate, R.G.P., plaquà © dor laminà © The quality mark for gold filled is used for an article (except optical frames, watch cases, hollowware, or flatware) consisting of a base metal to which a sheet of at least 10 karat gold has been bonded. Additionally, the weight of the gold sheet must be at least 1/20th the total weight of the item. The quality mark may specify the ratio of the weight of the gold in the article to the total weight of the article as well as a statement of the quality of the gold expressed in karats or decimals. For example, a mark of 1/20 10K G.F. refers to a gold filled article that consists of 10 karat gold for 1/20th of its total weight. Rolled gold plate and gold filled may utilize the same manufacturing process, but the gold sheet used in rolled gold usually is less than 1/20th the total weight of the article. The sheet must still be at least 10 karat gold. Like gold filled articles, the quality mark used for rolled gold plate articles may include a weight ratio and a statement of quality (for example, 1/40 10K R.G.P.). Gold and Silver Plate gold electroplate, gold plated, G.E.P., electroplaquà © dor or or plaquà ©, silver electroplate, silver plate, silver plated, electroplaquà © dargent, plaquà © dargent, or the abbreviations of these terms The quality marks for gold-plated indicate that an article has been electroplated with gold of at least 10 karats. The quality marks for silver plated indicate that an article has been electroplated with silver of at least 92.5% purity. There is no minimum thickness required for silver plated or gold plated articles. Silver Quality Marks silver, sterling, sterling silver, argent, argent sterling, abbreviations of these terms, 925, 92.5, .925 The quality marks or a decimal figure may be used on articles containing a minimum of 92.5% pure silver. Some metals may be called silver when, in fact, they are not (except in coloration). For example, nickel silver (also known as German silver) is an alloy consisting of about 60% copper, about 20% nickel, about 20% zinc, and sometimes about 5% tin (in which case the alloy is called alpaca). There is no silver at all in German/nickel/alpaca silver or in Tibetan silver. Vermeil vermeil or vermil The quality marks for vermeil are used on articles made of silver of at least 92.5 percent purity and plated with gold of at least 10 karats. No minimum thickness is required for the gold plated portion. Platinum and Palladium Quality Marks platinum, plat., platine, palladium, pall. The quality marks for platinum are applied to articles composed of at least 95 percent platinum, 95 percent platinum and iridium, or 95 percent platinum and ruthenium. The quality marks for palladium are applied to articles composed of at least 95 percent palladium, or 90 percent palladium and 5 percent platinum, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or gold.

Power and Politics Paper Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Power and Politics Paper - Research Proposal Example Power and politics go side by side in an organization and if they are separated, the organization is affected negatively. Organizational politics are employed to gain reputation, to get some self-concerned benefit, to get promotion, to get financial increase, to get influence, to make decisions, to attain power, to get knowledge related to some confidential information and much more (Aronow, 2004). Organizational leaders such as the employers and other persons having power and influence make use of organizational politics to support the organization in terms of its interests. Leaders after attainment of information concerning organizational politics and their impact make use of them in order to enable the organization to get benefits in all terms such as expansion, financial gains and business development and much more (Aronow, 2004). While politicizing any issue in an organization, the leaders make sure that they inform about their participation to the management. They also make sure that they are backed by the management in their decisions and proposals. In change management and management of crises, organizational politics play a significant part (Malott, 2008). The organizational leaders have to identify and gather the people that are at their side. People are gathered at one side only because of organizational politics. Leaders are considered at the back of organizational politics as they exercise enough authority and influence on other employees of any organization. For the obtainment of power and influence, again organizational politics play a crucial role. The leaders are able to get reputation on the basis of the power that they can exercise on their co-workers (Malott, 2008). Politics can be found in any group working together. Some people consider that organizational politics are wholly disruptive. These people attempt at staying away from all kinds of organizational politics because according to them hard work

How will basic business skills play a role in your professional life Assignment

How will basic business skills play a role in your professional life - Assignment Example For every input, that loop completes itself while generating an output against every input. In Python, we have for loops, while loops, and nested loops. For loop sets a loop variable and repeats the set of instructions for a set limit. While loop repeats the set of instructions while a certain condition is true. Nested loops contain loops within loops. An example of loops in real world is the expiration of session after a certain period of time. There are some websites that expire the user’s sessions after a set period of time. Hence, for example, the loop is: Answer: Basic business skills enhance a person’s decision-making and problem-solving skills. Without basic business skills, it takes much time and effort for an entrepreneur to come at par with the competitive business world. For example, effective communication is a very basic business skill. It is the key to success as you can better communicate and negotiate with your partners, stakeholders and clients. Other helpful basic business skills include time management, goal setting, relationship building and desire to learn (CBS Interactive, n,d). CBS Interactive. (n.d.). 12 business skills that will never, ever go out of style. The Bulletin. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from

Benefits Of Multinational Corporations In Developing Countries Economics Essay

Benefits Of Multinational Corporations In Developing Countries Economics Essay Low economic growth rates, obsolete technology, less capital, high unemployment rate and poor standard of living are the characteristics of developing countries. According to UNCTAD (2008), these countries usually invest 3 to 4 % of their GDP against estimated 7 to 9% annually in infrastructure which in results into gap in current volume of investments. This is where Multinational Corporations (MNC) maximizes their benefits by investing in host developing countries through their technological and other assets advantage.  These corporations are usually large firms operating in imperfect market to open up new sources of information and knowledge and broaden the options of strategic moves which make the company competing with its home and global competitors. In the 19th  century, the newly emerged capitalist in developed Europe started to invest in less developed countries of the world including United States. This gave rise to Multinational enterprise in those countries particularly held by France, Germany, Britain and Holland. A multinational enterprise is an enterprise that engages in foreign direct investment and owns or, in some way, controls value-added activities in more than one country (Dunning Lundan 2008). These firms have substantial direct investment in foreign countries and manage their operations both strategically and organizationally. Examples of MNCs include American Express, Wal-Mart, IBM, Hitachi and Unilever. About 85% of worlds automobiles, 70% of computers and 65% of soft drinks are produced and marketed by MNCs. According to World Development Report, about 450 companies with annual revenues in excess of $1billion account for over 80% of the total investment made by all companies outside their home countries. One of the traditional motives for companies to invest abroad was the need to  secure key supplies  such as Standard Oil interested to open up new fields in the Middle East, Canada and Venezuela which turned out to be largest emerging MNCs of 19th  century. Companies like Nestle, Ford and Bayer expanded internationally mainly in search of new market due to insufficient support from their small home markets compare to the technology and volume-intensive manufacturing process they pursue. In 1984, Nike shutdown its last US factory and shifted companys total production to the cheap labour in Asia to have access to  low-cost factors of production.   Apart from labour,  lower-cost capital  also became a strong traditional cause for internationalization such as subsidies from host countries government. These driving traditional factors push companies mainly from the US Europe to become Multinational Corporations. According to the World Investment Report 2002, the overall val ue-added of ExxonMobil in 2000 was $63 billion and the value-added GDP of Chile was $71 billion in 2000. According to Professor Vernon, companies developed a much richer foundation for their international operations as the global business environment became more complex and complicated. As MNCs established international sales and production operations, their strategy became more integrated in global sense. The first new first emerging set of forces were the rising economies of scale, expanding RD investments and shortening product life cycles which became necessary for firms to survive in those businesses. Global scanning and learning was the second factor that often became essential to a firms global strategy to enhance their technological or marketing advantage. Lastly, it became evident that firms started to bring competitive positioning as the third factor for internationalization by cross-subsidization of markets.  This clearly evaluate firms were rarely driven by a single motivation factor. According to Dunnings eclectic paradigm, multinational enterprises must meet three prerequisites for their existence. Firstly, foreign countries must offer certain location-specific advantages to motivate MNCs to invest there. Secondly, in order to counteract or match with some strategic capabilities with foreign markets, the company must provide a unique strategic competencies or ownership-specific advantages. Lastly, company must have some internalization advantages or organizational capabilities to earn good returns from leveraging its strategic strengths internally rather than externally through licenses or contracts. Companies like Wal-Mart entered in UK by buying supermarket chain ASDA with high-commitment-high-control mode of operating. Amazon.com, for example, uses same approach in Canada by managing its website control from the United States and securing reliable Canadian postal service for order fulfilment. Dragon multinationals from developing countries like Asia Pacific succeed regardless of limited primary resources, skills and knowledge, and social capital. In the era of state-driven development, these firms often internationalized to avoid extreme regulation at their home countries. Their main driver was to search for new markets and technological innovation by using strategies of linkage, leverage and learning. According to World Investment Report 2004, few top Dragon multinationals from developing economies are Hutchison Whampoa (Hong Kong), Singtel (Singapore), Petronas (Malaysia) and Cemex (Mexico). In the light of the degree of commitment and risk involved, set against the level of control and closeness of market, there are range options available for firms looking to internationalise its operations. The firm can choose range as per their growth of experience and degree of commitment to operate globally. Exporting is the first stage where firms can enter international business. It involves selling goods or services from one country to another in two ways. Technic group a UK based tyre making company developed its overseas business by arranging exclusive distribution agreements in each country for the two brands it manufactured which is direct exporting. Flymo a medium-sized British lawnmower making company shifted its overseas business from a distribution to more direct control to think long term for its own export success. This is an example of indirect exporting. Licensing is another stage where firms enter foreign market by providing license to a host countries firm to utilize or sell intellectual property in exchange for financial returns. A major potential drawback in any licensing is when the agreement between the two firms comes to an end; the licensor firm may stand up as a potential powerful competitor. In 1969, the French magazine Elle granted a license for a Japanese version to a local firm, Mag House to sell its magazine. But the Japanese version advanced beyond the original concept and the contract was void in 1988.Franchising is a phenomenal growing form of licensing for firms to internationalize their operations abroad. In UK, franchise accounts for 10% of retail sales with expected increase to 25-30% in coming years. Benetton is a good example whose shop grew from 0 to 650 in US in five years by providing franchisee to firms who can use companys marketing benefit as a well known trademark against agreed payments and systems of c ontrol. But many problems are associated with franchising which revoke a franchise and end up being very costly. Due to failure of operating 14 outlets according to McDonalds standards, company had to withdraw the license of its largest franchisee in France. In the post-war period, there has been substantial growth in joint venture activity which is the second stage strategies for firms operating internationally. The General Motors Toyotas joint venture NUMMI is an equity joint venture with a separate legal personality which operates in US with an agreed life of 12 years in the initial agreement for long term commitments. Another type of business venture between firms where no separate legal personality is formed is described as contractual join venture. Here firms will assist and share the risks and rewards of the collaboration in a clear specific ways. British Aerospace and Taiwan Aerospace in 1993 agreed to set up a joint venture for the manufacture of a regional jet aircraft. This enabled British Aerospace to shift some of its final assembly work to Taiwan to access lower labour costs. However, due to potential conflicts between partners can lead to the termination of the co-operation agreement such as operational disagreements or d isagreements over use and requisition of profits. Firms can also internationalize through other contractual forms of international business such as management contracts, turnkey operations, contract manufacturing and countertrade. According to Financial Times report (1992), Canadas Four Seasons Hotels will under take management of five Japanese Regent International hotels under an agreement becoming worlds largest operator of luxury hotels. But one of the top stage strategies for firms becoming multinational enterprise is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) where firm is seeking high growth of experience with high degree long-term commitment. FDI has been defined as the acquisition or establishment of profit-generating assets in a host country over which the investing firm has control. According to Financial Times report (1989), Bosch a company from West Germany decided to invest  £100 million on a production facility in Miskin, north west Cardiff in order to produce high technology car alternators. The decision got finalized due to l ower labour cost in Britain compared to Germany and availability of Welsh labour force who demonstrated its keenness and flexibility to adapt at Japanese transplants. But there limitations for FDI such as the security of fixed and liquid investments, the business units economic feasibility, and ability to move currency freely inside and outside of the host country. Despite these limitations, countries like US and UK had the largest stock of outward FDI in 1991 i.e. $385 billion and $226 billion respectively. Due to the emergence and the growth of the MNCs, there have been massive changes in the world economy. The scopes of MNCs operations in the number of host countries and all kind of strategic alliances have expanded. Also, there have been remarkable changes in the relations with home and host governments as well as with international governmental and non-governmental organizations.

Market Analysis of L’Oreal and Garnier

Garnier is a brand that epitomizes smart marketing practice. This is a brand that came to India in 1991 and crafted a special place for itself in the Indian market. This is one global brand, which has understood the dynamics of Indian market. Garnier came to India with its Ultra Duox range of shampoos. The brand is amass market brand from Loreal which has a range of global premium personal care brands like Maybelline, Ralph Lauren. , Diesel ,Vichy etc. Loreal started its operations as a joint venture with MJ Group, Later in 1994, the company started its own operations.All through these years, Garnier had a very consistent marketing approach. What I liked about this brand was the kind of investment that it had put in for marketing activities. Of course all these happened because it had the support of its parent company. Garnier can be considered as a masstige brand. Although positioned as a premium offering, the brand was wise enough to price it reasonable. Currently Garnier is target ing the middle and upper socio-economic class. Globally Loreal is a company that is famous for its product innovation.Garnier too has built its brand by launching new products on a regular basis. A strategy based on product innovation works best for a brand like Garnier. When the consumer sees regular new product flow from the brand, it creates a sense of excitement with in the consumer, which will prompt her to stick to this brand. Garnier was the first brand to introduce a cream based hair coloring solution. Garnier is now present in a diverse range of personal care product categories. It is present in the hair-care and skin-care segments.The brand has two sub-brands: Garnier Fructis and Garnier Ultra Doux. Fructis is an interesting sub-brand which has clicked in the Indian market because of its positioning as a fruit based product. Consumers readily embraced this variant because it made sense to depend on a natural shampoo rather than chemical based one. Garnier is positioned as a nature- based (green) innovative personal care brand, which takes care of your skin. The brand has a very catchy tagline † Take Care † Garnier's positioning strategy is more products based in the sense that it as tried to emphasis individual product properties rather than a common brand image. Most of its commercials are emphasizing on product strengths and innovation. The brand is an example of the success of rational product based advertising success. The brand is also sending a message that Indian consumers are also influenced by rational messages. Another interesting marketing strategy adopted by Garnier is its advertising execution. True to its global parentage, Garnier was careful in its advertising theme. It uses a blend of foreign and Indian models and themes for its campaign.Garnier ads can be termed as localized international advertising, which has a global touch but does not appear alien to Indian realities. The brand uses a careful blend of celebrities and models in their campaigns without relying much on their individual persona. Their products are always the stars in their campaigns. Whether these innovations fail or succeed, Garnier gains much equity through this steady stream of product launches. The premium positioning, smart pricing, heavy investment in brand promotion, innovative products and strong distribution reach has enabled this brand to create a special place in the Indian personal care industry.

Comparative Health Policy and Outcomes of Breast Cancer Care in The United States versus Germany - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2600 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Breast Cancer Essay Did you like this example? Cancer is a collection of related diseases where some of the body’s cells begin to divide out of control and spread throughout the body. The normally orderly process of cell division becomes unchaperoned, meaning cells can divide and avoid death with nothing to stop them. Cancer can start anywhere in the body, but for the purposes of this paper, I will be focusing on cancer of the breast. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Comparative Health Policy and Outcomes of Breast Cancer Care in The United States versus Germany" essay for you Create order This type of cancer normally begins as a lump in the breast tissue of men and women, and if not detected early, it can quickly spread to other tissues of the body (most commonly the lymph nodes). You can lower your risk for breast cancer through a myriad of lifestyle factors, but while there is no set cure for cancer, breast cancer is a very treatable disease if caught early. Imaging such as X-rays, mammograms, and tomography are all ways to catch breast cancer, followed by treatment options such as radiation, chemotherapy, or the more drastic mastectomy. Specialists typically needed through the stages of screening, diagnostics, and treatment include gynecologists, imaging technicians, radiologists, oncologists, surgeons, and nurses. Treatments for women with breast cancer vary depending on the stage they are diagnosed in, with higher survival rates the earlier the cancer is found (as well as some genetic factors that I consider too in-depth for this paper). At stage I, the cancer is still contained in the breast tissue and will normally be treated with breast-conserving surgery along with a check of the nearby lymph nodes, followed by some type of radiation therapy to lessen the chance of the cancer returning. At stage II, the cancer is normally larger than stage I and has spread to a few nearby lymph nodes. This stage will normally be treated with surgery and radiation therapy similar to stage I, but with the addition of chemotherapy. At stage III, the tumor is large and has begun spreading to lymph nodes and nearby tissues. The normal treatment at this stage can either be chemotherapy followed by surgery followed by radiation therapy, or surgery first followed by chemotherapy followed by radiation. Finally, at stage IV, the cancer has spread to various parts of the body and is normally treated with various systemic drug therapies along with surgery and radiation (1). While the level of prevention, screening, and treatment varies slightly from country to country, so do the health care policies that dictate the responsibility of the patient versus the specialist versus the institution. In this paper, I will be discussing the health care organization differences between United States and Germany when it comes to preventing, screening, and treating breast cancer, as well as the associated outcomes when it comes to remission and mortality rates. United States In the United States, breast cancer is the most common type of cancer, with over an estimated 266,000 new cases in 2018 so far (which constitutes over 15% of all new cancer cases), with a median age of diagnosis of 62 years of age. Breast cancer also accounts for almost 7% of all cancer deaths, with over 40,000 deaths reported in 2018 so far, with a median age of death of 68 years of age. It also has a 5-year survival rate of just under 90%. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, while breast cancer diagnoses are fairly consistent between non-Hispanic, white, and black women (followed by minority populations of Asian, Hispanic, and American Indian), black women are much more likely to die from the disease than all other races/ethnicities (2). In 2014, the percentages of breast cancer diagnoses at each stage were roughly 66% localized (or stage I/II) and 33% regional/distant (or stage III/IV) with the remaining 1% being unstaged (3). The largest determinant of the stage at diagnosis is preventative measures such as routine screening. According to the American Cancer Society, for women with an average risk of breast cancer, it is currently recommended in the United States to have yearly mammogram screening starting at age 45 (with an option to begin at 40), and transition to biennial mammograms starting at age 55. In the United States, cancer treatments and preventative measures have been affected most recently by the Affordable Care Act (ACA) enacted in 2010. Under the ACA, private insurance companies cannot limit how much they cover during the course of your lifetime. In the past, private insurers could cap their coverage, meaning the patient was responsible for all cancer treatment costs afterwards. Also, preventative screenings, such as mammograms every year or two for women over 40 are now fully covered, meaning the patient does not pay anything. For the actual cancer treatments after the initial diagnosis, out-of-pocket expenses will apply to the patient, but the amount of these expenses will vary depending on the type of insurance program the patient has (if any). The main types of insurance range from private (HMO and PPO), savings accounts (FSA and HSA), and government-sponsored (Medicare and Medicaid). In terms of biases in the United States, the main three are access, cost, and education. A large part of preventative screening and treatment for breast cancer has to do with having a qualified location that people can get to. In rural, or sometimes even urban areas, these places are not easily accessible. The working hours of these qualified locations may also hinder a person from getting screening or treatment if the location is not open on evenings or weekends. The cost of care is also a large bias in this system. While screenings are now completely covered, most people do not realize that there is a timeline between screening and diagnosis. The mammogram might find an abnormality, but the next steps would include further imaging like ultrasound, as well as biopsies, to determine if the abnormality is cancer or not. These further tests are not covered under the â€Å"preventative screening† for insurance companies, and patients will have to pay out-of-pocket for whatever pe rcentage their insurance doesn’t cover. In terms of education bias, there are many people who a) do not know how often they are supposed to be screened, and b) do not realize that screenings are free and/or the steps following are not fully covered. Socioeconomic status also plays a role in United States cancer care. Wealthier people can afford the best health care plans in the country, meaning more of their costs of treatment will be covered before they have to pay out-of-pocket expenses. Those closer to the poverty line who may be on government-sponsored insurance will have to pay more out-of-pocket expenses to receive the same treatment. This may cause people to have an extremely large financial burden, or not receive treatment at all. One important aspect to note about the United States cancer system is that providers will give any type of treatment they deem necessary to each patient, regardless of cost, which aids to the United States’ healthcare costs increasing. While racism between patient and provider might not have a large role in United States cancer care, race itself does play a role. As stated earlier, new cases being diagnosed between white and black women is fairly comparable. However, the death rate among black women with breast cancer is much higher. The main reason for this is that black women are far more likely to be diagnosed at a later, deadlier stage. A few factors that are behind this go along with the structural biases of access and socioeconomic status in regards to screening and treatment, but also their higher likelihood of having dense breast tissue, making it more difficult for providers to find the cancer even if they do get their recommended screenings. Policy-making in terms of United States cancer care has become much more patient-centered in the recent years. There is much more collaboration between specialists when it comes to treatment, and patients have much more say in what treatment they receive. In 2010, the United States spent about $125 billion on cancer care, with breast cancer accounting for 13% of all direct medical spending on cancer (4). With medical treatments shifting from more volume-based to more value-based, the expense of the newest and best technologies used in cancer care also have to be taken into account. This means even more spending per person on treatment and drug costs. Many states have tried to at least pass laws to keep the cost of some life-saving cancer drugs under a certain price, to make them more accessible to all patients. Germany According to the American Institute for Cancer Research and the World Cancer Research Fund, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and the second most common cancer in general (5). There were over 2 million new cases in 2018. Outlined in Table 1 are the top 25 countries with the most prevalent rates for the diagnosis of breast cancer in 2018. The United States and Germany are quite similar in rates of new breast cancer cases. In contrast to the U.S., the breast cancer screening program in Germany covers mammography screening (at no cost) for all women between the ages of 50 and 69, every two years (6). Although mammography does not provide any prevention for breast cancer, the objective is to detect the cancer at the smallest, earliest stage, providing for the best possible treatment and increasing the chances of survival. The costs are covered by statutory health insurers (i.e. single payer system). If imaging results show abnormalities, additional imaging or other tests are then required to finalize a diagnosis. This additional imaging may include ultrasound scans or Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the breast, and are often enough to exclude a diagnosis of breast cancer. If such additional testing does not provide peace of mind, typically a biopsy of the breast tissue is required. Breast cancer screening in the German population, yields approximately 2 cancers per 1,000 women screened (Figure 3). This data refers to the actual outcomes of one mammogram. Female participants in Germany’s breast cancer screening program may receive a total of up to ten free mammograms throughout their lifetime. It’s possible that the woman could have abnormal results subsequent to any of their screening mammography tests. While breast cancer screening is paid for on this limited basis, treatment differs from the U.S. in that German patients do not have as much control in their tre atment decisions. Similar to the U.S., about 5 out of 6 women who are diagnosed with breast cancer, have developed an invasive tumor. If left untreated, the invasive type of tumor often metastasizes to other areas/organs of the body. About 1 out of every 6 women diagnosed with breast cancer have diseased breast tissue referred to as a ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The DCIS describes the abnormal cells that have developed in the milk ducts. This also means that the breast cancer cells have not spread beyond that area. In some patients, DCIS remains harmless while in others, it advances into an invasive tumor. Because no one can predict how or when the DCIS will remain intact or harmless, patients are usually advised to pursue recommended treatment (7). When a diagnosis of breast cancer is finalized, treatment depends principally on the progression of the cancer. Most women are counseled to have the tumor surgically removed along with some of the surrounding tissue. Those with advanced stage or larger tumors, may be advised to proceed with removal of the whole breast (mastectomy). Following surgical excision, additional treatment options may include radiotherapy, hormone therapy and chemotherapy. The most appropriate treatment methodology, hinges on the exact diagnosis. According to a German study of out-of-pocket-payments (OOPS) and the financial burden on German breast cancer patients, they often face payments related to their disease or treatment which are not covered by their health insurance. This study concluded that German cancer patients face relatively high OOPPs during their cancer journey. These payments may burden cancer patients, especially certain subgroups like low-income patients (8). In Germany, OOPPs are used in the health care system mainly for three reasons. First, they provide some financial relief to the governmental health insurance system by having patients responsible to offset some of the cost. Secondly, they raise the efficiency of medical services by allocating them only to medically justifiable cases (as determined by panels of Medical Necessity experts). Finally, the third, OOPPs help to reduce the risk of â€Å"moral hazard† which occurs when individuals access health services without medical necessity, simply because they do not have to pay for the services directly. Unfortunately, other studies have shown that OOPPs may cause inequities in the use of health care services by German breast cancer patients; the system of overburdening certain subgroups stems from preventing patients from using beneficial medical services or treatment because they simply cannot afford the expense. That same risk group may ultimately change their adherence to established treatment plans by rationing medications, choosing more radical treatments (i.e. mastectomy which would allow them to possibly skip radiation or chemotherapy), or skipping follow up examinations to reduce OOPPs. Germany’s single payer system covers approximately 87% of the German population. While the balances of patients are covered under other private insurers, all are entitled to medical services under German control. Similar to U.S. health insurers, patients are responsible for health services or treatments that are not covered by insurance and deductibles. There are also other structural biases related to certain threshold caps for any coverage. Financial burdens not only affect patients on an economic basis, but may also influence the psychological well-being. The term â€Å"financial toxicity† has been used to describe this combination where patients are forced to opt towards the most economical decision rather than the best treatment decision. Discussion/Conclusions Figure 4 takes a look at how spending on healthcare in the United States compares to other countries that are similarly large and wealthy, such as Germany (based on GDP and GDP per capita). In proportion to the size of its capital, the U.S. spends an unbalanced amount on health care. As expected, wealthier countries typically spend more per person on health care and the associated costs than countries with lower incomes. However, the U.S. spends more on health care per person than other high income countries. Per person, health spending in the U.S. was over $10,000 in 2016 – 90% higher than Germany (and 31% higher than the next highest-spending country per capita, Switzerland). Typically, other high income countries spend around half as much on health per person than the U.S. does. In recent years, health spending growth has slowed in the U.S. and Germany, related mainly due to value based practices taking importance over volume based practices. However, while the U.S. has similar public spending, its private sector spending is nearly 5 times that of Germany (Figure 5). When asking to think of the â€Å"perfect balance† of policies between the United States and Germany, Markus Holzhauer, MD, a board certified diagnostic radiologist specializing in mammography working locally at Windsong Radiology Group and a dual citizen of the U.S. and Germany says â€Å"The easy answer in theory is the Solidarity Principle, which is the foundation of 90% of healthcare coverage for which the citizens in Germany receive. It only works with a mandate for health insurance coverage because it aims to fundamentally share both the advantages, i.e. prosperity, and the burdens equally and justly among members. When we talk about social solidarity in healthcare, we are talking about providing equity and social solidarity through pooling of risks and funds.† The U.S. may not yet be ready to create one public health fund with adequate resources to plan for, and effectively meet, health needs of the entire population, not just for a selected few who can afford it†¦but the debate will continue.

Should Religion Be Public School Curriculum - 1313 Words

Should Religion be in Public School Curriculum? Does or did your school teach you about religion? If not was mentioning religion prohibited? As of the moment religion is included in most of United States school’s curriculum. Religion is permitted in the curriculum for public schools, all throughout the United States. With religion in public schools, the schools throughout the United States can and most likely will be more diverse and could be more accepting towards students who are different and do not fit in with other students because of their religion, which will reduce the amount of religious discrimination in the country. Religion in schools allows students to have a wider range of historical education, learning about what started theit faith. Religion should be included in the public school curriculum because it provides a more diverse group of students, if it is not included the students will not understand other’s religious beliefs, the power of religion should be embraced, students will be forced to conform to the rules of society’s norms, and students will have a wider range of historical ed ucation. Religion in public schools has been an important debate for a while, within school boards and the government. Stated in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,†(US Const., amend. I) Within this quote it explains that all people in the UnitedShow MoreRelatedCase Summary 3 Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesLaurel Palm Middle School was considered to be a successful school. It was one of the top ten performing schools. For three successive years, it had been awarded a National Distinguished School Award. The school had had a strong culture of teaching and learning. Parents were engaged in planning school programs and improving all aspects of the school and its operations. Ms. Avery, the principal instituted specific curriculum goals and objectives that aligned with the school district. She organizedRead MoreThe Rights Of Public School920 Words   |  4 Pages According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, religion is an â€Å"organized system of beliefs† that has certain rules in worshiping a god or multiple gods. For many years, the role of teaching the Bible and prayer in public schools has been a major dispute causing religious freedom issues in America. Because of this controversy, the U.S. Supreme Court has long made it clear that the Constitution prohibits public school-sponsored prayer or religious instruction. Although the law has taken effect, thereRead More Religion and Prayer in Public Schools Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesReligion in Public Schools    The practice of religion has been a major factor in American culture for centuries. The religion clause of the First Amendment, which states Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, was developed to preserve the freedom of religion (Haynes 2). The religion clause was designed to protect religion from the control of the government, but, consequently, it restricts the expression of religionRead More Creationism in Public Schools Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesCreationism in Public Schools Teaching Creationism in Schools The question as to whether or not creationism should be taught in public schools is a very emotional and complex question. It can be looked at from several different angles, its validity being one of them. Despite the lack of evidence to support the fundamentalist idea of creationism, that in itself is not enough to warrant its exclusion from the curriculum of public schools in the United States. The question is far moreRead MoreA History of Curriculum Changes in Public Schools783 Words   |  4 PagesA History of Curriculum Changes in Public Schools The curriculum of the public school system in America has transformed greatly over time. Its original roots that branch from early Puritan schools where the Bible was taught to where education was offered only to the privileged. Most schools had an educational system based on religious teaching methods. The government became involved, and developed an unconstitutional clause known as the separation of church and state. Schools were no longer simplyRead MoreTeacher Handbook Essays1546 Words   |  7 PagesTeachers Rights and Responsibilities Deciding to be a school teacher does not mean one has to throw away their rights granted by the United States Constitution. Teachers are required to maintain moral and ethical behavior but their rights as citizens are not taken away. Teachers should understand that they are always teachers and role models whether they are in the classroom or not and should always maintain a professional demeanor when in the public eye. Teachers are held to a higher standard in theirRead More Religion Has No Place in Public Schools Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pagesestablished religion and allows the free exercise of religion. Thomas Jefferson had written a letter discussing the separation of church and state, which has resulted in many debates over the limitations of religion in the public schools (Hamburger). There is research that supports both the arguments that students can benefit academically from the influence of religion and from keeping religious teachings separate from public schools. Early in Americas history, when it first became a country, public schoolsRead MoreUS Government: Practicing Beliefs or Instrumenting Coercion?1610 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment- lest it come to dominate the aspects of our lives, [religions, interests, and morals included]† (Patrick Henry). Our forefathers have explicitly demonstrated the pressing need of the separation of the church and the state in the constitution, but unfortunately this predestined wish fell through. In not only the United States but in the world as a conglomerate, the increase on a ban of religion within the public school system is becoming more and more evident and prominent. A few ofRead MoreThe Battle Of Creationism And Evolutionary Theory869 Words   |  4 Pagesdeserves to be taught alongside evolutionary theory within the science curriculum of secondary schools of a municipality or state, these individuals are mistaken. Creationism is not a science, therefore by teaching it one violates the fir st amendment and also further develops the religious inequality that its supporters argue teaching it creates. There is no place for creationism in the science curriculum within secondary public education. To begin, the idea that creationism is a science is a troublesomeRead MoreReligion in School: Publicized or Privatized? Essay example1353 Words   |  6 Pagesmay follow a religion or worship a higher power. Not everyone follows the same religion as there are twelve major religions and over 1,200 around the world (Wilson, 2006, p.11). Having religion included in the public school system is one of the most difficult issues to debate. When should the separation of church and state come into play? The fact that not everyone holds the same religious faith brings up the question of whether religion should be either public or privatized in schools. This essay